Does L-carnitine prevent cadmium-induced damage in gastrointestinal contractility and histological changes in prepubertal rat / ¿La L-carnitina previene el daño inducido por cadmio en la contractilidad gastrointestinal y los cambios histológicos en ratas prepúberes?

SUMMARY: Cadmium (Cd) is the industrial and environmental toxic heavy metal which is found in air, water and soil. Cd, adversely affects many organs in humans such as kidney, intestine, liver, testis and lungs. L-carnitine (LC) is an important agent that plays essential role in energy metabolism. In our study, we aimed to work out whether LC application has any protective effect on intestinal contractility and morphologic damage of prepubertal rat duodenum on Cd-induced toxicity. Twenty eight prepubertal female Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The first group is control (C), second group; Cd group; Cadmium chloride was given 2 mg/kg 28 days with a one-day break by i.p. The third group; Cd+LC, which cadmium chloride was given 2 mg/kg i.p. and LC was given orally by gastric lavage. The LC dose was given as 75 mg/kg. The fourth group; LC, which only LC was given orally. The intestinal segments were isolated and suspended in tissue bath. Contractile responses were induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and relaxation was achieved with phenylephrine. Also the segments were examined for histological changes by light microscopy. Ach-induced contractions were higher in Cd+LC, LC, and control group compared to the Cd group in duodenal segments. The phenylephrine-induced relaxations were lower in Cd groups as compared with Control, Cd+LC and LC group in duodenal segments. In Cd group intestinal morphology was observed to be severely damaged whereas in Cd+LC group the damage was noticeably lower. Cd administration caused severe cellular damage and decreased gastrointestinal motility. Treatment with the LC has affected the gastrointestinal contractility and reduced the damage in intestinal morphology, which occured after Cd application.

El cadmio (Cd) es el metal pesado tóxico industrial y ambiental que se encuentra en el aire, el agua y el suelo. El Cd afecta negativamente a muchos órganos humanos, como los riñones, los intestinos, el hígado, los testículos y los pulmones. La L-carnitina (LC) es un agente importante que juega un rol esencial en el metabolismo energético. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si la aplicación de LC tiene algún efecto protector sobre la contractilidad intestinal y el daño morfológico del duodeno de rata prepuberal sobre la toxicidad inducida por Cd. Veintiocho ratas Wistar hembras prepúberes se dividieron en cuatro grupos. El primer grupo control (C), segundo grupo; grupo cd; Se administró cloruro de cadmio 2 mg/kg durante 28 días con un descanso de un día por vía i.p. El tercer grupo; Cd+LC, al que se administró cloruro de cadmio 2 mg/kg i.p. y LC se administró por vía oral mediante lavado gástrico. La dosis de LC se administró como 75 mg/kg. El cuarto grupo; LC, al cual solo LC se administraba por vía oral. Los segmentos intestinales fueron aislados y suspendieron en baño de tejido. Las respuestas contráctiles fueron inducidas por acetilcolina (ACh) y la relajación se logró con fenilefrina. También se examinaron los segmentos en busca de cambios histológicos mediante microscopía óptica. Las contracciones inducidas por Ach fueron mayores en Cd+LC, LC y el grupo control en comparación con el grupo Cd en los segmentos duodenales. Las relajaciones inducidas por fenilefrina fueron menores en los grupos Cd en comparación con el grupo Control, Cd+LC y LC en los segmentos duodenales. En el grupo Cd se observó que la morfología intestinal estaba severamente dañada mientras que en el grupo Cd+LC el daño fue notablemente menor. La administración de Cd causó daño celular severo y disminución de la motilidad gastrointestinal. El tratamiento con LC afectó la contractilidad gastrointestinal y redujo el daño en la morfología intestinal, que ocurría después de la aplicación de Cd.

Cambios histológicos del tejido muscular estriado lingual en ratas Sprague Dawley (Rattus norvegicus) para estimar el intervalo postmortem / Histological changes of lingual striated muscle tissue in Sprague Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus) for estimating the postmortem interval

RESUMEN: El intervalo postmortem (IPM) equivale al tiempo que ha transcurrido desde que un ser humano ha muerto hasta su examinación postmortem. Después de la muerte, el cuerpo experimenta modificaciones en su composición física y química denominados cambios postmortem expresados por signos que pueden ser analizados para el cálculo del IPM. El objetivo del estudio fue describir los cambios histológicos presentes en la musculatura estriada lingual de rata en diferentes IPM. Se utilizaron 10 ratas machos Sprague dawley de dos meses de edad. Los animales fueron eutanasiados y dejados a temperatura ambiente (4 - 14 ?C) para tomar muestras de la lengua a distintos IPM (0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 y 120 horas postmortem). El estudio se llevó a cabo considerando las recomendaciones de la Guía para el Cuidado y Uso de Animales de Laboratorio. Las muestras fueron fijadas en formaldehido tamponado a 10 % y procesadas para su inclusión en paraplast. Se realizaron cortes de 5 μm de grosor y fueron teñidas con HE para su análisis con microscopía óptica. Los cambios histológicos en las células musculares estriadas de la lengua estaban asociados a los distintos IPM. A las 6 horas postmortem, hubo cambios iniciales en la morfología nuclear y su pigmentación. A las 12 y 24 horas postmortem, se observaron cambios en las estrías musculares y aumento en el número de casos con alteraciones nucleares. A las 48 y 72 horas postmortem, eran evidentes las vacuolas citoplasmáticas, cambios en la coloración de las miofibras y aumento en las alteraciones nucleares. A las 92 y 120 horas postmortem, se observó disminución de las estrías musculares y núcleos celulares. Los núcleos eran picnóticos y puntiformes; hubo pérdida de la morfología celular y presencia de musculo liso. En conclusión, los cambios de la histología del músculo estriado lingual de rata permiten estimar el IPM. Este modelo podría ser aplicable a la medicina forense.

SUMMARY: The postmortem interval (PMI) equals the time that has elapsed since a human being has died until his postmortem examination. After death, the body experiences modifications in its physical and chemical composition know as postmortem changes expressed by signs that can be analyzed for the calculation of the MPI. The aim of the study was to describe the histological changes present in rat lingual striated musculature in different PMIs. 10 two-month-old male Sprague dawley rats were used. The animals were euthanized and left at room temperature (4-14 ?C) to sample the tongue at different PMIs (0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours postmortem). The study was carried out considering the recommendations of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. The samples were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde and processed for inclusion in paraplast. 5 μm thick sections were made and stained with HE for análisis with light microscopy. Histological changes in the striated muscle cells of the tongue were associated with the different PMIs. At 6 hours postmortem, there were initial changes in nuclear morphology and its pigmentation. At 12 and 24 hours postmortem, changes in muscle striae and an increase in the number of cases with nuclear alterations were observed. At 48 and 72 hours postmortem, cytoplasmic vacuoles, changes in myofiber coloration, and increased nuclear alterations were evident. At 92 and 120 hours postmortem, a decrease in muscle striae and cell nuclei was observed. The nuclei were pyknotic and pinpoint; there was loss of cell morphology and presence of smooth muscle. In conclusion, changes in the histology of rat lingual skeletal muscle make it possible to estimate MPI. This model could be applicable to forensic medicine.

Remodelado Histológico en Aneurismas Fusiformes en Ratas Wistar tratadas con Wrapping de Algodón y Politetrafluoroetileno / Histological Remodeling in Fusiform Aneurysms in Wistar Rats Treated with Cotton Wrapping and Polytetrafluoroethylene

Intoducción: El tratamiento microquirúrgico para los aneurismas intracraneales es el clipado, sin embargo, algunos aneurismas deben ser resueltos mediante wrapping. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar los cambios histológicos en aneurismas fusiformes en ratas luego del wrapping con algodón natural y politetrafluoroetileno. Materiales y Método: Se trabajó con 12 Ratas Wistar divididas en 3 grupos. Luego de la anestesia se expusieron ambas arterias carótidas comunes, realizándose un aneurisma fusiforme en cada vaso. Se realizó wrapping a las carótidas derechas, grupo 1 con membrana de politetrafluoroetileno, grupo 2 con algodón natural y grupo 3 empleándo combinación de ambos materiales. Los animales fueron sacrificados a los 45 días postoperatorios, para luego procesar las muestras y análisis histológico vascular. Resultados: En el grupo 1 no se evidenciaron modificaciones estructurales, en el grupo 2 se destacó la presencia de células gigantes multinucleadas, inflamación, con infiltrado linfoplasmocitario. En el grupo 3 fue similar al grupo 2 con el agregado de metaplasia condroide y calcificaciones en capa media. Las arterias carotidas izquierdas (control) no presentaron cambios histológicos y a nivel muscular, aumento del tejido conectivo entre las fibras musculares y fibroblastos en el grupo 2. Discusión: Existen publicaciones sobre la técnica de wrapping con materiales autólogos o heterólogos. Sin embargo, no existen análisis experimentales de los efectos microestructurales producidos en las arterias tras la creación y tratamiento de un aneurisma fusiforme. Conclusiones: La combinación más efectiva para reforzar la pared del aneurisma y evitar la reacción inflamatoria circundante es la utilización de algodón natural y politetrafluoroetileno

Intoduction: The microsurgical treatment for intracranial aneurysms is clipping, however, some aneurysms must be resolved by wrapping. The objective of the work is to analyze the histological changes in fusiforms aneurysms in rats after wrapping with natural cotton and polytetrafluoroethylene. Materials and Method: We worked with 12 Wistar rats divided into 3 groups. After anesthesia, both common carotid arteries were exposed, making a fusiform aneurysm in each vessel. Right carotid wrapping was performed, group 1 with a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane, group 2 with natural cotton, and group 3 using a combination of both materials. The animals were sacrificed 45 days after surgery, to process the specimens and vascular histological analysis. Results: In group 1 there were no structural modifications, in group 2 the presence of multinucleated giant cells, inflammation, with lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate stood out. In group 3 it was similar to group 2 with the addition of chondroid metaplasia and calcifications in the middle layer. The left carotid arteries (control) did not present histological changes and at the muscle level, increased connective tissue between muscle fibers and fibroblasts in group 2. Discussion: There are publications on the wrapping technique with autologous or heterologous materials. However, there are no experimental analyzes of the microstructural effects produced in the arteries after the creation and treatment of a fusiform aneurysm. Conclusions: The most effective combination to reinforce the wall of the aneurysm and avoid the surrounding inflammatory reaction is the use of natural cotton and polytetrafluoroethylene

E s t a n d a r i z a c i ó n d e n u e v o p r o t o c o l o Inmunohistoquímico para identificar Helicobacter pylori de biopsias gástricas y valoración frente a la tinción Hematoxilina-Eosina / Standardization of the new immunohistochemical protocol to identify Helicobacter pylori from gastric biopsies and contrast against Hematoxylin-Eosin staining

Objetivo. Estandarizar un nuevo protocolo de inmunohistoquímica para identificar Helicobacter pylori, en biopsias gástricas. Material y Métodos: el trabajo se realizó en tres fases. La primera fase hace uso de anticuerpos policlonales de conejo Anti-H. pylori como anticuerpo primario para la marcación de dicha bacteria, además de un polímero EnVision FLEX/HRP para la marcación en biopsias gástricas. En la segunda se modificó el contraste de la inmunotinción con los colorantes Hematoxilina de Harris y Eosina Y, con la finalidad de apreciar con más claridad la citomorfología del tejido gástrico a examinar y a los posibles cambios histológicos pre malignos. Por último se procedió a valorar los resultados frente a la tinción Hematoxilina y Eosina (H&E). Resultados y Discusión: Demostramos que al realizar el nuevo protocolo de inmunohistoquímica facilita la identificación de H. pylori y a su vez permite evaluar los cambios citomorfológicos en las biopsias gástricas. El establecimiento de este protocolo permitirá estudiar adecuadamente la asociación de la infección por H. pylori y los cambios histológicos pre-malignos en el tejido gástrico.

Objetive. Standardize a new immunohistochemical protocol to identify Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsies. Materials and Methods: the work was carried out in three phases. The first phase makes use of polyclonal rabbit Anti-H. pylori antibodies as a primary antibody for the labeling of said bacteria, in addition to an EnVision FLEX / HRP polymer for labeling in gastric biopsies. In the second, the immunostaining contrast was modified with the Harris Hematoxylin and Eosin Y dyes, in order to more clearly appreciate the cytomorphology of the gastric tissue to be examined and the possible pre-malignant histological changes. Finally, the results were evaluated against Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. Results and Discussion: We s h o w t h a t b y c a r r y i n g o u t t h e n e w immunohistochemistry protocol, it facilitates the identification of H. pylori and, in turn, allows the evaluation of cytomorphological changes in gastric biopsies. The establishment of this protocol will allow an adequate study of the association of H. pylori infection and pre-malignant histological changes in gastric tissue.

Biomarcadores histológicos em Sciades herzbergii (Pisces, Ariidae) para avaliação de impactos em ambientes estuarinos da Baía de São Marcos, Maranhão / [Biomarkers histological in Sciades herzbergii (Pisces, Ariidae) for impact assessment in estuarine environments of São Marcos Bay, Maranhão]

Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o impacto ambiental em áreas estuarinas da Baía de São Marcos, Maranhão, utilizando-se alterações histológicas nas brânquias e no fígado de Sciades herzbergii como biomarcadores de contaminação aquática. Foram realizadas coletas no período chuvoso (março de 2018) e de estiagem (julho de 2018), em que foram capturados 40 exemplares de S. herzbergii em duas regiões distintas da Baía de São Marcos: A1) Ilha dos Caranguejos (área referência); A2) Terminal de Pesca Industrial de Porto Grande (área potencialmente contaminada). As estações foram georreferenciadas por GPS e, em cada local de captura dos peixes, registraram-se as seguintes variáveis abióticas: temperatura, salinidade, pH e oxigênio dissolvido. Em campo, os organismos foram pesados e medidos, as brânquias e os fígados foram retirados e fixados. Posteriormente, foram mantidos em álcool a 70% até o procedimento histológico padrão. Resultados indicam que as duas áreas são semelhantes em termos de características físico-químicas da água e do sedimento. Todavia, a análise semiquantitativa das alterações histológicas observadas revelou que as brânquias foram o órgão mais afetado nos peixes de A2, indicando que os peixes desse local apresentam danos teciduais maiores resultantes de estresse acentuado por impactos antrópicos.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the environmental impact in estuarine areas of São Marcos Bay, Maranhão, using histological changes in the gills and liver of Sciades herzbergii as biomarkers of aquatic contamination. Samples were collected during the rainy (March 2018) and dry (July 2018) seasons, in which 40 specimens of S. herzbergii were captured in two distinct regions of São Marcos Bay: A1) Crab Island (reference area); A2) Porto Grande Industrial Fishing Terminal (potentially contaminated area). The stations were georeferenced by GPS and at each fish capture site the following abiotic variables were recorded: temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen. In the field, the organisms were weighed and measured and the gills and livers removed and fixed. Afterwards, they were kept in 70% alcohol until the standard histological procedure. Results indicate that the two areas are similar in terms of physicochemical characteristics of water and sediment. However, the semi-quantitative analysis of the observed histological alterations revealed that the gills were the most affected organ in A2 fish, indicating that the fish in this site have greater tissue damage resulting from stress accentuated by anthropic impacts.(AU)

Toxicity bioassay and sub-lethal effects of diazinon on blood profile and histology of liver, gills and kidney of catfish, Clarias gariepinus / Toxicidade bioensaio e efeitos sub-letais do diazinon no perfil sangüíneo e histologia do fígado, brânquias e rim de peixe-gato, clarias gariepinus

Abstract The catfish, Clarias gariepinus, was exposed to different acute concentrations (5-10 mg/l) of diazinon and the Lc50 value was recorded as high as 7.3 mg/l for 96 hours. The fishes exposed to three sub-lethal levels of diazinon (0.73, 1.095 and 1.46 mg/l) for 30 days showed that the pesticide induces changes in different blood parameters. Number of red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin level and haematocrit values were elevated whereas white blood cells (WBC) count was reduced. Various blood indices like mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobine (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobine concentration (MCHC) vary insignificantly in the fish treated with diazinon. Glucose level and activity level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was increased in Clarias gariepinus exposed to diazinon. Protein level in plasma of fish treated with pesticide was changed but the change was insignificant. Histological changes in the liver, gills and kidney of fishes exposed to diazinon were apparent when compared to control. Hepatocytes necrosis and bleeding were more distinct in the fishes exposed to pesticide. Glomerulus hypertrophy and bleeding in kidneys; and fusion and degeneration of secondary lamellae and epithelial hyperplasia in gills were also observed in the exposed fish.

Resumo O peixe-gato, Clarias gariepinus, foi exposto a diferentes concentrações agudas (5-10 mg / l) de diazinon e o valor de Lc50 foi registrado tão alto quanto 7,3 mg / l por 96 horas. Os peixes expostos a três níveis sub-letais de diazinon (0,73, 1,095 e 1,46 mg / l) por 30 dias mostraram que o pesticida induz mudanças nos diferentes parâmetros sanguíneos. O número de glóbulos vermelhos, o nível de hemoglobina e os valores do hematócrito foram elevados, enquanto a contagem de leucócitos foi reduzida. Vários índices sanguíneos, como volume corpuscular médio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM) variam insignificantemente nos peixes tratados com diazinon. Nível de glicose e nível de atividade de AST e ALT foi aumentado em Clarias gariepinus expostos a diazinon. O nível de proteína no plasma de peixes tratados com pesticidas foi alterado, mas a mudança foi insignificante. Alterações histológicas no fígado, brânquias e rins de peixes expostos ao diazinon foram aparentes quando comparados ao controle. A necrose e o sangramento de hepatócitos foram mais distintos nos peixes expostos ao agrotóxico. Hipertrofia do glomérulo e sangramento nos rins; e fusão e degeneração de lamelas secundárias e hiperplasia epitelial em brânquias também foram observadas nos peixes expostos.

Histological Changes of Spleen Autotransplanted in the Omentum of Rats

Introduction: The spleen is a lymphoid organ that plays an important role in the body's defense against organisms, participation in blood filtration process, phagocytosis and immunoglobulin production. When splenectomy due to severe splenic trauma or hematological disorder is inevitable, spleen autotransplantation may be the only option to preserve the spleen. It has not been determined the structural rearrangements after transplanting in comparison with the amount of transplanted spleen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the histological changes of spleen autotransplanted in the omentum of rats.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 16 male Wistar rats underwent splenectomy and transplanting three pieces of splenic tissue consists of 10-15% of the greater omentum. The rats were divided to two equal groups; Eightcaseswere randomly separated and followedfor 6 months (Group Au-6) and 8 other cases also were separated for 12months'follow-up (group Au-12). At the end of follow-up period, after the re-operation ofautotransplanted rats, the splenictissues underwent the macroscopic and microscopic examination and two groups were compared together.Results: After laparotomy, splenic tissues were detected in all cases (8/8, 100%) of Au-6 group and 7 cases (87.5%) of Au-12 group. It’s observed no significant difference between two groups in the capsule around splenic tissue, organized structure, fibrosis and revascularization (P>0.05).The hemosiderinpigmentation was significantly higher in Au-12 group (P=0.03).Conclusions: The results of this study showed that autotransplanting about 15 percent of splenic tissuewere associated with a high success rate in tissue structure rearrangement.Therefore, spleen autotransplantation even in small sizes was highly recommended in cases of unavoidable splenectomy

Correlation among physiological and histological changes in soybean seeds during storage

Aim: The aim of the study was to correlate the histological changes in cotyledon and embryonic axis in aged seeds of soybean genotypes with the physiological changes and storability. Methodology: Ten genotypes with differing, storability as predicted by accelerated ageing test, were selected and various physiological parameters viz., germination per cent, seedling length and dry weight, seedling vigour, mobilization efficiency were studied over a period of ten months at bi-monthly interval. These were correlated with histological changes like cell arrangement and cell membrane integrity in cotyledon and embryonic axis of seed. The findings were further supported by electrical conductivity test. Results: Good storer/performer (DSB 21) maintained comparatively better cell membrane integrity in both cotyledon and embryonic axis at the end of ten months of storage when compared to poor storer/performer (MAUS 61). Interpretation: Maintenance of cell membrane integrity in good storer genotype, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, as result of better tolerance mechanism for biochemical degradation, is the main reason for higher physiological performance of all the good storer/performers genotypes during storage.

Moderate pathogenic effect of Ligophorus uruguayense (Monogenoidea, Ancyrocephalidae) in juvenile mullet Mugil liza (Actinopterygii, Mugilidae) from Brazil

ABSTRACT Monogenoidea pathogenic activity can elicit various histological responses in fish. Species of Ligophorus are specific parasites of mullets, and its relationship with host fish may result in a moderate pathogenic action. In order to ascertain this relationship, estuarine mullets (Mugil liza) were collected in an estuary, reared in laboratory, for three weeks, and forwarded for histological and parasitological analyses. Ligophorus uruguayense (Monogenoidea) infestation in the gills of the mullets was identified. The severe infestation by only one species of Monogenoidea may result from the specificity of these parasites to mullets. Mullets submitted to histological analysis exhibited respiratory epithelium detachment; mild, moderate and severe hyperplasia of the respiratory epithelium; atrophy; and telangiectasia of the gills. This is the first study reporting that mullets highly infested by Monogenoidea can show mild (100%) to severe (20%) gill changes with a distinct frequency of occurrence. Because of the high prevalence of mild alterations observed, it is possible to accept that L. uruguayense is moderately pathogenic to M. liza, even during high prevalence and intensity of infestation, as a result of its specificity.

Toxicity bioassay and sub-lethal effects of diazinon on blood profile and histology of liver, gills and kidney of catfish, Clarias gariepinus

Abstract The catfish, Clarias gariepinus, was exposed to different acute concentrations (5-10 mg/l) of diazinon and the Lc50 value was recorded as high as 7.3 mg/l for 96 hours. The fishes exposed to three sub-lethal levels of diazinon (0.73, 1.095 and 1.46 mg/l) for 30 days showed that the pesticide induces changes in different blood parameters. Number of red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin level and haematocrit values were elevated whereas white blood cells (WBC) count was reduced. Various blood indices like mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobine (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobine concentration (MCHC) vary insignificantly in the fish treated with diazinon. Glucose level and activity level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was increased in Clarias gariepinus exposed to diazinon. Protein level in plasma of fish treated with pesticide was changed but the change was insignificant. Histological changes in the liver, gills and kidney of fishes exposed to diazinon were apparent when compared to control. Hepatocytes necrosis and bleeding were more distinct in the fishes exposed to pesticide. Glomerulus hypertrophy and bleeding in kidneys; and fusion and degeneration of secondary lamellae and epithelial hyperplasia in gills were also observed in the exposed fish.

Resumo O peixe-gato, Clarias gariepinus, foi exposto a diferentes concentrações agudas (5-10 mg / l) de diazinon e o valor de Lc50 foi registrado tão alto quanto 7,3 mg / l por 96 horas. Os peixes expostos a três níveis sub-letais de diazinon (0,73, 1,095 e 1,46 mg / l) por 30 dias mostraram que o pesticida induz mudanças nos diferentes parâmetros sanguíneos. O número de glóbulos vermelhos, o nível de hemoglobina e os valores do hematócrito foram elevados, enquanto a contagem de leucócitos foi reduzida. Vários índices sanguíneos, como volume corpuscular médio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM) variam insignificantemente nos peixes tratados com diazinon. Nível de glicose e nível de atividade de AST e ALT foi aumentado em Clarias gariepinus expostos a diazinon. O nível de proteína no plasma de peixes tratados com pesticidas foi alterado, mas a mudança foi insignificante. Alterações histológicas no fígado, brânquias e rins de peixes expostos ao diazinon foram aparentes quando comparados ao controle. A necrose e o sangramento de hepatócitos foram mais distintos nos peixes expostos ao agrotóxico. Hipertrofia do glomérulo e sangramento nos rins; e fusão e degeneração de lamelas secundárias e hiperplasia epitelial em brânquias também foram observadas nos peixes expostos.

Endoscopical and histological changes in bile reflux gastritis / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction@#Bile reflux gastritis is due to an excessive reflux of duodenal contents into the stomach. The increasedenterogastric reflux may provide the basis for increased mucosal injury. In clinical practice the symptoms of bile reflux gastritis are nonspecific than the other gastritis. Only endoscopy and biopsy can confirm the diagnosis. Observation demonstrates that, in practice there is tendency to increase the bile reflux gastritis. However, in Mongolia there are much less research and studies in this area. @*Goal@#Evaluate the endoscopical and histological changes caused by duodenal reflux on the gastricmucosa@*Materials and Methods@#We included in our study 70 patients with bile reflux gastritis admitted in Second General Hospital in Ulaanbaatar. In all cases we performed an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and at least 4 biopsyspecimens were done from antral mucosa and the histological features were scored in accordance with the Sydney system. @*Results@#The average age of the patients with bile reflux gastritis was 61.64±9, 69 years. Reflux gastritis was noted to 15 males and 55 females. Gastroduodenal reflux after chlocystoectomic surgery was noted in 46 cases (65.71%), and biliarytract disease was noted in 16 cases (22.85%). The average time interval from original operation tothe discovery of the bile reflux gastritis was 9.22 years after chlocystoectomic surgery. The commonest endoscopic alterations were: erythema of the gastric mucosa in 41 cases (58.57%),gastric antral atrophy in 20 cases (28.57%), gastric diffuse atrophy in 27 cases (38.57%), thepresence of bile into the stomach in 70 cases (100%), erosions in 3 cases (4.28%), gastric ulcer in2 cases (2.85%), intestinal metaplasia in 10 cases (14.28%).The histologic alterations observed from tissues collected during endoscopic examination were chronic super facial gastritis in 19 cases (27.14%), chronic atrophic gastritis in 51 cases (72.85%),an intestinal metaplasia in 32 cases (14.28%), gastric erosions and ulcer in 4 cases (5.71%),dysplasia in 1case (1.42%), Helicobacter pylori infection in 14 cases (20%).@*Conclusions@#The most frequent risk factors for bile reflux gastritis were chlocystoectomic surgery and biliary tract disease. Histological findings of patients with bile reflux gastritis revealed gastric cancer precursor lesions, therefore follow-up endoscopic examinations and early treatment of bile reflux are essential.

A study on estimation of time since death after histological examination of kidney.

Background: Estimation of time since death is one of the most important object of post-mortem examination. Many degenerative changes begin to take place in the body immediately or shortly after death. Kidney is one of the most important excretory organs of human body, its undergo series of gross as well as histological changes. Methods: This study was performed in department of anatomy in close association with the department of forensic medicine & toxicology and pathology, Pt. J. N. M. medical college and DBRAM hospital Raipur (C.G.) India, during study period November 2012 to October 2013. Study was done on 50 human cadavers (Study subjects). Kidney was obtained from dead bodies during post-mortem examination. In each case kidney was studied histologically. Data was compiled in MS excel and checked for its completeness and correctness and then it was analyzed. Results: In 48-60 hour increasing temperature, one case show very severe change was seen. Microscopic changes in kidney were increasing (mild to moderate, moderate to severe, severe to very severe) as temperature increases. Conclusion: In the present study earliest remarkable postmortem histological changes were seen in DCT. Finding of present study will be useful for forensic experts.

Expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 on lungs of rats with sepsis / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To investigate the expression and the effects of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) on lungs of rats with sepsis.Methods Forty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into two groups,namely sham group (n =8) and sepsis model group (n =32).The rats of model group were modeled by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP),and were further divided into four subgroups as per the time after modeling,namely 6 h (n =8),12 h (n =8),24 h (n =8),48 h (n =8)subgroups.Blood and lung samples were taken 6 h,12 h,24 h and 48 h after modeling.The histological changes in lungs of the rats were observed under light microscope.Expressions of TIMP-1 mRNA,Bax mRNA and Bcl-2 mRNA in lungs were measured by RT-PCR.The immunohistochemistry was used to label the CD18 in lungs during different phases of sepsis.The data were processed by t test.Results Compared with sham group,the lung tissues of rats in model group were injured to a certain extent after CLP.The expression of TIMP-1 mRNA and the number of CD18 positive cells increased at the same time (P ＜ 0.01),and peaked 24 hours later (P ＜ 0.01).While the expression of Bax mRNA in model group decreased markedly 12-48 hours after modeling (P ＜ 0.01-0.05),and reached minimum 48 hours later (P ＜ 0.01).The expression of Bcl-2 mRNA in model group changed unnoticeable.The positive correlation between variations in number of CD18 positive cells and expression of TIMP-1 mRNA was found in model group (r =0.426,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The increase in expression of TIMP-1 mRNA in lungs is closely associated with the lung injury of sepsis.The mechanism of lung injury is likely attributed to the preservation of inflammatory cells from apoptosis,and the persistent inflammation response causes tissue damage,leading to organ dysfunction.

TLR4 expression in the kidney of rats with multiple organ dysfunction syndrome / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To determine the level of toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) in the kidney of rats with the Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS),and to investigate the early phase of kidney damage in MODS.Methods The experiment was done at experimental center of medical college of Three Gorges University.Forty Adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly (random number) divided into two groups,namely the normal control group and the MODS model group.The rats of model group were further divided into four sub-groups as per different intervals (6 h,12 h,24 h and 48 h),and there were 8 rats in each groups.The animal models of MODS were established by two hits,the left eyeball of each model rat was removed to bleed to 2 mL/100 g,and four hours later,Lipopolysaccharide ( LPS,5 mg/kg) was injected into intraperitoneal cavity of model rats.The same volume of saline was injected intraperitoneally into rats of control group.All rats were sacrificed at various intervals.The histological changes in the kidney tissue were observed by naked eye and under light microscope.The lever of TLR4 proteins in serum and kidney tissue were detected by using flow cytometry (FCM).One-way ANOVA was used for comparison among multiple groups.Results (1) There were no histopatholagical changes in kidney of rats in control group,and the kidney injury was serious in rats with MODS.(2) Compared with the rots of control group,the level of TLR4 in kidney tissue of rats with MODS increased at 6 hours and reached peak 12 hours later ( P ＜ 0.01 ),and then decreased 24 hours ( P ＜ 0.01 ).There was no significant difference in levd of TLR4 between two groups 6 and 48 hours.Compared with the rats of control group,the level of TLR4 in peripheral blood leucocyte of rats with MODS increased significantly 6 ～ 48 hours after LPS ( P ＜ 0.01 ).The concentrations of serum and kidney tissue TLR4 proteins were positively correlated with each other ( r =0.893,P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusions The level of TLR4 markedly increased in the kidney tissue at early stage of MODS,and the TLR4 may play an important role in the pathogenesis of kidney injury in MODS.

Comportamiento del pterigión según la exposición a radiaciones ultravioletas y sus cambios histológicos de acuerdo con su severidad / Behavior of pterygium in terms of exposure to UV radiations and its histological changes depending on severity

OBJETIVO: Valorar el comportamiento del pterigión diagnosticado, atendiendo a la exposición a radiaciones ultravioletas y a los cambios histológicos según su severidad. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal en pacientes operados en el Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología "Ramón Pando Ferrer" con diagnóstico clínico de pterigión, en el período comprendido entre enero y diciembre de 2006. La muestra estuvo constituida por 101 pacientes adultos que se sometieron a la cirugía, lo que consistió en la excéresis del pterigión y la selección fue al azar, sin distinción de edad, sexo, ni país de procedencia. RESULTADOS: La exposición a la luz ultravioleta guardó relación estadística significativa con el sexo masculino, con el aumento de la edad de los grupos y con los grados de afectación según la prueba de chi cuadrado. CONCLUSIONES: El estudio histológico según el grado del pterigión no mostró diferencia alguna, pues en la totalidad de las piezas analizadas se encontró la misma composición histológica.

OBJECTIVE: To asses the behaviour of diagnosed pterygium, taking into account exposure to UV radiations and the histological changes according to severity. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on patients operated on at "Ramón Pando Ferrer" Cuban Ophthalmology Institute from pterygium from January to December, 2006. The sample was made up of 101 adult patients who underwent pterygium removal, and they were randomly selected regardless of age, sex and place of origin. RESULTS: Exposure to UV light was statistically related in a significant way with male sex, increase of age and level of impact according to the applied Chi-square test. CONCLUSIONS: The histological study did not show any difference since the same histological composition was found in the whole sample.

Immunohistochemical study of osteopontin expression in the distracted bone after canine mandibular distraction osteogenesis

PURPOSE: This study was aimed at evaluating the histological changes of new bone and expression of osteopontin (OPN) after mandibular distraction osteogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Unilateral mandibular distraction (0.5 mm twice per day for 10 days) was performed in eight adult dogs. Two animals were sacrificed at 7, 14, 28 and 56 days after completion of distraction, respectively. The distracted bones and contralateral non-distracted control bones were harvested and processed for histological and immunohistochemical examinations. RESULTS: The new bone was arranged to tension direction after distraction osteogenesis. 7 days after distraction, numerous osteoblasts lining the immature trabecular bone and fibroblast-like cells in the fibrous intrezone were observed. 14 days after distraction, the new formed trabecular bones were thickened compared with 7 days after distraction. 28 days after distraction, the fibrous interzone was almost filled with newly calcified bone, and it was more hardened at 56 days after distraction. Increased OPN signals detected in the osteoblasts lining the trabecular bone and fibroblast-like cells in the fibrous interzone at 7 and 14 days after distraction. At 28 days after distraction, the OPN was weakly expressed in the osteoblasts, and it was not detected in all cellular components of distracted bone at 56 days later of distraction. CONCLUSIONS: After distraction osteogenesis, the distracted zone was completely calcified during the 56 days of consolidation period. In this study, the staining intensity of OPN increased in the osteoblasts and fibroblast-like cells at 7 and 14 days after distraction. The expression pattern of this protein shown here suggested that OPN play an important role in the osteogenesis during the early consolidation period.

Effects of Chitosan on the Lead Level and Histological Changes in Rats Exposed to Various Levels of Lead

Chitosan, which is a biopolymer, composed of glucosamine units linked by beta-1, 4 glycoside bonds, is rich in shells of crustacean such as crabs and shrimps. Consumption of chitosan has been rapidly increased as a functional food. We examined effects of chitosan on the damages caused by lead (Pb) exposure in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 8 groups (n = 64), then fed diets containing 3% cellulose (control) or 3% chitosan, each with 4 different lead doses (0 mg/d, 20 mg/d, 50 mg/d, and 100 mg/d) for 4 wks. Lead doses were given 3 times per week by oral administration. Blood lead levels in rats increased depending on the administered doses of lead. Rats fed chitosan diets showed lower blood lead concentration than did their respective controls. Effect of chitosan on the blood lead was more beneficial in rats exposed to lower lead (20 mg/d) than in rats exposed to higher lead (50 mg/d and 100 mg/d). Histological changes in erythrocytes and liver were also examined. Chitosan tended to reduce numbers of basophilic stippling erythrocytes and improve the histological liver changes in rats given various lead doses. The preventive effects of chitosan on liver damages were stronger in rats with higher lead than those with lower lead. These results indicate that chitosan has beneficial effects on both blood toxicological responses and histological damages of erythrocytes and liver induced by the administration of various lead doses.

Histological Changes of the Skin of a Guinea Pig after Irradiation with the Erbium YAG Laser / 대한피부과학회지

BACKGROUND: Laser resurfacing has beneficial effects in the treatment of several skin problems such as acne and chicken pox scars. Recently pulsed erbium YAG laser has been used for skin resurfacing, but not enough is known about the scientific basis of such treatment. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to assess the macroscopic and microscopie changes after irradiation with the pulsed Er-YAG laser. METHODS: We did two tests on guinea pig skin, First, the laser was used to irradiate the skin of a guinea pig with the intensity of 500 mJ, 5 watt until pinpoint bleeding began. Skin biopsies were performed immediately, one, two and four weeks after the irradiation. Second, the laser was used to irradiate the skin of a guinea pig with the intensity of 300mJ(3watt), 500mJ(5watt), 700mJ(7watt) until pinpoint bleeding began, Skin biopsies were examined immediately, one, two and four weeks after the irradiation. RESULTS: 1. Histological changes to the dermis over time after laser irradiation with 500 mJ, 5 watt are as follows: After one week, complete reepithelization and proliferation of the blood vessels within the dermis occured. A reaction of th dermis which consisted of newly formed collagen and was distinguisbed from the lower dermis was also examined. The reaction was rnost active after two weeks and lasted up to four weeks. 2. Histological changes to the dermis over time after laser irradiations with different intensities of 300 mJ(3watt), 500 mJ(5watt), and 700 mJ(7watt) are as follows : In all the cases of laser irradiation with different intensities, edema, neovascularization and fine collagen fiber in the upper dermis were observed. At higher intensities, the dermal reactions were stronger and were sustained for a longer time. CONCLUSION: Pulsed erbium YAG laser had effects on the epidermis and dermis. Therefore, pulsed erbium YAG laser can be used for skin resurfacing effectively and safely.

Correlation Between Histological Changes of Human Testis after and Fertility after Subsequent Vasectomy Reversal Vasectomy / 대한비뇨기과학회지

The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between any histological changes in the human testis after vasectomy and fertility after subsequent vasectomy reversal. A sample of 21 previous fertile, vasectomized, healthy volunteers with a mean age 35 years( range, 29 to 47) underwent open, unilateral testicular biopsy at the time of vasectomy reversal. The mean duration of obstruction was 3.8 years(range, 1 to 12). The vasovasostomy was performed by means of same technique. The qualitative and morphometric quantitative analysis were performed for the data obtained. Vasal patency was determined by the presence of sperm in the postoperative semen analysis in 18 patients. Pregnancy occurred in 9 of 18 couples( 50%). Statistical analysis was performed to compare the morphological findings in both fertile and infertile patients. No significant correlation was observed between the histologic changes and fertility in two groups. Similarily there was no significant correlation between the obstructive interval. We concluded that morphologic changes occurred in the human testis after vasectomy does not affect the fertility rate after successful vasectomy reversal.

Light microscopic, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic evaluation of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy-induced acute renal lesions / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Biopsy material taken from kidneys of 9 patients with renal stones before extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and 5-10 days (average 7 days) of the ESWL was examined histologically and ultrastructurally. In the pre-ESWL specimens, no significant finding was found in the tubule and interstitium, except in one which showed mononuclear cell infiltration and tubular atrophy. In the post-ESWL specimens, light microscopy revealed edema, fibrosis and inflammation of interstitium in all specimens. In 6 specimens, detachment, degeneration and regeneration of tubular epithelium with destruction and atrophy of tubular basement membrane were seen. immunofluorescence study revealed no specific finding. Using the electron microscope, degeneration or proximal tubular epithelium and irregular thickening of tubular basement membrane were seen and there were dilatation of capillary edema, infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells and fibrosis in the interstitium. Loss of pseudopod of glomerular epithelial cells and irregular thickening of basement membrane were seen in the glomerulus. These results indicate that renal damage can be shown soon after ESWL on histological and ultrastructural studies and that the lesions observed can be either reversible or permanent.